Slender loris distribution maps, locality information

Literature

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^{Distribution of slender loris subspecies (major actual
synonyms
included; some taxonomic research is still necessary)}

^India:

^{Loris
tardigradus
lydekkerianus / L. lydekkerianus lydekkerianus}
^{Loris tardigradus
malabaricus
/ L. lydekkerianus malabaricus}

^{Sri Lanka:}

^{Loris
tardigradus
/ L. tardigradus tardigradus (now regarded
as a distinct species),
and maybe other still undescribed Sri Lankan red rainforest
forms}
^{Loris tardigradus
grandis
/ L. lydekkerianus grandis?}
^{Loris
tardigradus
nycticeboides / L. lydekkerianus nycticeboides?}
^{Loris tardigradus
nordicus
/ L. lydekkerianus nordicus (or grandis?
Synonymizing
with grandis proposed on the basis of museum material,
questioned
because of differences in live animals)}

^India

^{Based on distribution areas described by Osman Hill (1933,
1953),
on the origin of museum specimens collected between 1889 and 1929
(Jenkins,
1987), on specimen localities mentioned by other authors (see
specimen
list) and information by K. A. I. Nekaris (pers. comm.). Figures:
redrawn
from photos by Osman Hill 1933, Seth 1963 and by K. A. I. Nekaris.}
^{Some of Osman Hill´s information about Loris
distribution
is apparently guesswork, based on habitat quality and distribution
of sympatric
simian primate species. Names of type localities are
underlined.}

Sri Lanka

Redrawn (changed) from Osman Hill (1953). Parts of the area regarded as ^{grandis distribution area by Osman Hill (1953),
but lying
at rather low altitude with rain forest probably suitable for tardigradus,
are marked as possible distribution areas of grandis or
tardigradus
or intermediate forms. Information from Osman Hill (1933, 1953),
survey
by Anna Nekaris (2001/2002) and other authors (see specimen list
and references
for Loris distribution maps). Figures: redrawn from
photos by Osman
Hill 1933, B. Meier and H. Schulze.}
^{All areas mentioned as distribution areas by at least one
author
were included. Numbers of locations: see specimen list. Type
localities:
names underlined (no numbers). (Type locality of L. t.
tardigradus
unknown)}

Slender loris subspecies: list of origin of described animals / specimens

General distribution

Anderson (1881, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933) mentions a specimen in the Calcutta museum which was obtained from a Burmese and was said to have come from the Shan States in Burma, but the occurrence of lorises in Burma has never been confirmed.

Sri Lanka

L. tardigradus, red slender loris: Distribution: "Ranging sparsely over the wet lowlands of S.W. Ceylon from Colombo in the north to about Ranna on the south coast; inland into the foothills where it intergrades, e. g., at Peradeniya, with the next race" (Osman Hill, 1953). Probably well distributed throughout the low-country wet zone, but nowhere common (Phillips, 1931). Above 300 m grades into L. t. grandis (Osman Hill, 1933, Phillips, 1935). According to Phillips (1935), in the north and south-east of its range L. t. tardigradus probably meets and intergrades into L. t. nordicus

During a survey in 2001, nearly all of the areas within an hour's drive of Colombo and up and down the wet western coast in areas such as Kesbewa, Matugama and Bandaragama where prior to 1933 lorises had been found (Hill 1933) were found deforested, remaining populations of this subspecies clinging to small isolated patches (Nekaris, Jayewardene, in preparation, 2001 / 2002)


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
Type locality: unknown
1	Colombo, 06⁰ 56^I N 79⁰ 51^I E,	0-6 m	1903, 1937 + ?	(Osman Hill, 1933, Jenkins, 1987)
2	Polgahawela, 07⁰ 20^I N 80⁰ 19^I E,		(1924)	(Jenkins, 1987)
	(Phillips, 1924: "seems to be found more often in parts of the Kelami valley and around Polgahawela than anywhere else")
3	Matugama	30 m	Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933, Phillips, 1935)
4	Henaratgoda (several specimens)		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
5	Kitulgala	210 m	Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933, Phillips, 1935)
6	Wellawatta	270 m	Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
7	Nugegoda	15 m	Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
8	Kesbewa		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933, Phillips, 1935)
9	Gampaha	15 m	Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
10	Madampe	120 m	Prior to 1935	(Phillips, 1935)
11	Bandaragama		Prior to 1935	(Phillips, 1935)
11	Bandaragama		1960	Specimen in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago collected by E. C. Fernando. Data sent by Anna Nekaris
11	Gonapola		1960	Specimen in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago collected by E. C. Fernando. Data sent by Anna Nekaris
47	Maharagama		1960	Specimen in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago collected by E. C. Fernando. Data sent by Anna Nekaris
53	Maimbulakanda Nature Reserve, Western Province, Gampaha District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Low country intermediate zone; intermonsoon forest. On one transect (total length 3.5 km), 3 animals were detected
54	(Ruhuna University, Faculty of Agriculture Gardens, Southern Province, Matara District: no lorises found)		2001 no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Rainforest; low country wet zone. On one transect (total length 2.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
55	(Oliyagankele Forest Reserve, Southern Province, Matara District: no lorises found)		2001 no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Rainforest; low country wet zone. On 2 transects (total length 6 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
56	Masmulah Proposed Forest Reserve, Southern Province, Matara District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Rainforest; low country wet zone. High population density: on 2 transects (total length 0.927 km), 42 animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
Location not clear or not found on the map:
	Rayigama Korale (W. P.)		Prior to 1935	(Phillips, 1935)
	Bulangoda? (Jenkins, 1987); = Bulatgangoda?, 07⁰ 07^I N 80⁰ 02^I E			(Jenkins, 1987)
	(= Balangoda? See below: Intermediate types L. t. tardigradus/L. t. grandis)
	Cotta? (= Kotte = Sri Jayawardanapura near Colombo?) (Osman Hill, 1933)

L. l. nordicus: synonym of L. t. grandis? Museum specimens indistinguishable, but photos of live specimens look distinct, and an adaptation to different habitat types seems likely, so the two forms are treated separately here until further taxonomic research is finished.
Distribution: Lowland dry zone of north and east Ceylon, including the Jaffna peninsula (Osman Hill, 1953). Distribution likely to prove "almost identical with that of the Ceylonese race of ..... Pithecus entellus thersites" (Osman Hill, 1933).


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
Type locality: Talawa, North Central Province, 08⁰ 13^I N 80⁰ 21^I E
		13 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
	Dry lowland zone including the Jaffna peninsula		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
12	Polonnaruwa		1970, 1980	(Petter + Hladik, 1970; Hladik + Petter, 1970;
12 b			1980	Meier, 1989)
12 c	Polonnaruwa, Smithsonian Primate Research Camp, North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Northern low country dry zone. High population density: on one transect (total length 3.56 km) 115 animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected.
13	Jaffna	4 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
14	Sigiriya (C.-P.)	200 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
15	Kekirawa (N.-C.-P.)	120 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
16	Tammanewa	30 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931; Mayor, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
17	Mannar (N.-W.-P.)	4 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
18	Anuradhapura (N.-C.-P.), 08⁰ 21^I N 80⁰ 23^I E	87 m	1913	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933, Jenkins, 1987)
18 b	Anuradhapura town, North Central Province, Anuradhapura District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Northern low country dry zone. On one transect (total length 12 km) 4 animals were detected
19a	Wilpattu National Park:	< 152 m	1972	(Eisenberg, Lockhart, 1972)
	"distributed throughout Wilpattu" , but local rangers said that they were very rare			(B. Meier, pers. comm.)
19b	Wilpattu		1984	(Verner-Carlsson, pers. comm.)
20	Chavakachheri, 09⁰ 39^I N 80⁰ 09^I E		1933	(Jenkins, 1987)
21	Point Pedro, 09⁰ 50^I N 80⁰ 14^I E			(Jenkins, 1987)
22	Uva (Monaragala), 07⁰ 09^I N 81⁰ 07^I E	<150 m	1939	(Jenkins, 1987)
	? (Lowland, not within estimated distribution area of L. l. nordicus; oral reports indicate that Loris is common around Monaragala are mentioned by Osman Hill (1933), but without information of the subspecies)
43	Cheddikulam			(Osman Hill, 1953)
	(Figure of a skeleton of a L. t. nordicus from Cheddikulam; no further information)
46	Habarana, North Central Province, dry zone		1965	Specimen in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago collected by E. C. Fernando. Data sent by Anna Nekaris
49	Mihintale Sanctuary, North Central Province, Anuradhapura District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Northern low country dry zone. On two transects (total length 1.3 km) 4 animals were detected
50	Ritigala Strict Natural Reserve, North Central Province, Anuradhapura District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Northern low country dry zone; monsoon forest & grassland (1528.1 ha). On two transects (total length 6 km), 3 animals were detected
51	Minneriya-Giritale Sanctuary, North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Northern low country dry zone; monsoon forest & grassland (7529.1 ha). On 5 transects (total length 2, 4 km), 12 animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
Location not clear or not found on the map:
23	Wilachchiya (North-Central-Province)		Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
	(= ?) Willichia (North Central Province) ?		1914	(Jenkins, 1987)
48	NachchaduwaTank and Turuwila Tank, North Central Province, Anuradhapura Dist. (3.500.7 ha).		2001 no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Northern low country dry zone. On two transects (total length 29.2 km) no lorises were detected.

L. t. grandis: Distribution: "hills of the Central Province at 900 m average altitude. Uncommon and sparsely distributed throughout its range (Osman Hill, Phillips, 1932), typical specimens only in the type locality, Gammaduwa and neigbourhood (Phillips 1935). Intergrades with tardigradus at lower altitudes but not known to meet range of nycticeboides" (Osman Hill, 1953) because no lorises have been found at altitudes between 1036 m and 1829 m.
During a survey in 2001, in the central hill zone around Ratnapura, Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Kandian home gardens, and Hapugestenna Tea Estate, local people, including elderly tea estate workers, reported having never seen lorises in the area, though they had been reported from there prior to 1933 (Osman Hill, 1933) and some vague references that they live in the jungle (i.e. Peak Wilderness Sanctuary) were made. Of all locales visited, this area seems most doubtful to yield lorises (Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002).


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
Type locality: Mousakande, Gammaduwa,
	07⁰ 34^I N 80⁰ 43^I E	671- 1036 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Jenkins, 1987)
	(According to Phillips (1931), typical specimens of L. t. grandis had only been obtained from the type locality whereas in lower parts of the hills specimens intergrade with other subspecies)
24	D´Udawattakele (forest reserve near Kandy)		1969-1970	(Petter + Hladik, 1970)
25	Gammaduwa District		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
26	Namunucula (village or mountain	329 m		(Jenkins, 1987)
	with the same name?), Tonacombe Estate, 06⁰ 53^I N 81⁰ 07^I E
27	Badulla District (?)		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Phillips, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933, in the description of L. t. grandis: large form known in the Badulla district)
Location not clear or not found on the map:
28	Opalgalla (?)		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Osman Hill, Phillips, 1932: specimen resembling a L. l. tardigradus female in general color, but definitely diagnosed as L. l. grandis by size, character of fur, well-clothed hands and facial appearance)
29	Near Bandarawela (?)		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Phillips, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933, in the description of L. l. grandis: large form known near Bandarawela)
44 a	Digane (= Digana), Kandy Dist., Central Province	1600´ (530 m)	1966	Specimen in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; collected by E. C. Fernando. Data sent by Anna Nekaris
44 b	(Uda-Watta Kele Sanctuary, Central Province, Kandy District (104 ha):		2001	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Central hill intermediate zone; rainforest. On 1 transect (total length 1,2 km), 4 animals (2 lorises, 2 calls) were detected. Lorises found on fringe of sanctuary
44 c	(Kandian Home Gardens, Central Province, Kandy District: no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Central hill intermediate zone; home gardens. On 1 transect (total length 2.3 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
45	Pindeniya	2000´ (667 m)	1961	Specimen in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; collected by E. C. Fernando. Data sent by Anna Nekaris
57	(Peak Wilderness (Samanala) Sanctuary, Sabaragamuwa Province, Ratnapura District (22379.9 ha): no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Central hill intermediate zone; montane forest. On 2 transects (total length 2.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected. Local people, including elderly tea estate workers, reported having never seen lorises in the area.
58	(Hapugestenna Tea Estate, Sabaragamuwa Province, Ratnapura District: no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Central hill intermediate zone; montane forest/ home gardens/ tea plants and associated introduced tree (rubber trees and eucalyptus). On 4 transects (total length 1.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected. Local people, including elderly tea estate workers, reported having never seen lorises in the area.
59	(Ratnapura, Sabaragamuwa Province, Ratnapura District: no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Central hill intermediate zone; home gardens. On 2 transects (total length 1.25 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected. Local people, including elderly workers at hotels and restaurants, reported having never seen lorises in the area and did not believe they occurred there earlier.

(L. l. grandis? Subspecies not sure)


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
30	Badalkumbura, near Nakkala, Uva Province, 06⁰ 54^I N 81⁰ 14^I E,	152 m	1955	(Jenkins, 1987)
31	Moneragala District, East Ceylon, 07⁰ 06^I N 80⁰ 38^I E (?)			(Jenkins, 1987)

L. l. nycticeboides: Distribution: known only from the type locality (Osman Hill, 1953). Restricted to the montane rain and mist forests growing at an altitude of more than 1500 m in Sri Lanka (Werner, 1984).


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
Type locality: Horton Plains, 06⁰ 48^I N 80⁰ 48^I E Regarded as rare (Osman Hill, 1942).		1829 m (0,1), 2134 m (1,0)	1938	(Osman Hill, 1942, Jenkins, 1987)
	Horton Plains, 06⁰ 48^I N 80⁰ 48^I E		1982 ?	(R. Dmoch, pers. comm.)
	Horton Plains, 06⁰ 48^I N 80⁰ 48^I E		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Horton Plains,Ohiya Road, 06⁰ 48^I 415 N, 80⁰ 50^I 396 E; and possibly Pattipola Road: 06⁰ 48^I 114 N, 80⁰ 50^I 396 E	2135 m; possibly 2152 m	2002	Nekaris, 2003
	1937: Type and paratype caught on the estate of Mr. Tutein-Nolthenius near the Horton Plains “at a height between 5,000 ft. and 6,000 ft” (Nicholls 1939); holotype in the BMNH labelled: Below Horton Plains, 06⁰ 48^I N, 80⁰ 48^I E, 6000 ft., May 1938; paratype labelled: Horton Plains, 06⁰ 48^I N, 80⁰ 48^I E, 7000 ft. (Jenkins 1987). Labelling may have been done after death of the animals in captivity, years after capture, based on information by Nicholls, not by the collector himself, so the exactness of information may be limited. In 1982, rangers said that slender lorises still occur on the Horton Plains where temperature may fall below 0⁰C (R. Dmoch, pers. comm.). During a survey in 2001, rangers and researchers who have worked in the park for years said they have never seen or heard any evidence of lorises here (Nekaris, Jayewardene, 2003). Vijitha Perera later also did not see any lorises there. 2002: during a 60 km survey, on Ohiya Road, at an altitude of 2135 m, one loris was observed (Nekaris, 2003). At Pattipola Road, 2152 m, one characteristic loris eyeshine, probably another loris, was seen. Probably very rare (Nekaris, 2003).

Intermediate types L. tardigradus/L. l. nordicus?


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
52	(Udawalawe National Park, (Sabaragamuwa /Uva Province, Monaragala District (30821.0 ha): no lorises found).		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Intermediate Zone; intermonsoon forest. Possibly intermediate L. tardigradus / L. l. nordicus expected, but on 2 transects (total length 28,5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected; local wildlife officials said that had heard the call of the loris within the month prior to the survey - confirmation necessary.

Intermediate types L. tardigradus/L. l. grandis


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
32	Peradeniya, 07⁰ 15^I N 80⁰ 36^I E	469 m	Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Jenkins, 1987: specimen labelled as L. t. tardigradus)
33	Balangoda	533 m	Prior to 1931	(Phillips, 1931, Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Osman Hill, 1933: intermediate size; facial aspects of L. l. grandis with white throat and cheeks, upper parts dull fawn with little frosting,)

(Intermediate type L. l. nordicus/L. l. grandis?)


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
34	Elahera-Tal, north of Gammaduwa		Prior to 1931	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Osman Hill, 1933: the specimen should be intermediate between L. l. nordicus and L. l. grandis, but it is almost identical with the tardigradus/grandis-specimen from Balangoda)

(L. tardigradus or L. l. nordicus?)


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
35	Chilaw: red specimen described by Tennent		Prior to 1861	(Osman Hill + Phillips, 1932)
	"belonging to the usual red variety" (L. tardigradus or possibly an intermediate form between L. l. nordicus and L. tardigradus?). According to Osman Hill and Phillips (1932), the specimen might also have been a juvenile L. l. nordicus with the reddish color of immature animals.

Sri Lanka; no information about subspecies given:


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
1a	near Colombo, 06⁰ 56^I N 79⁰ 51^I E		1879	(Jenkins, 1987)
1b	Colombo, 06⁰ 56^I N 79⁰ 51^I E		1906	(Jenkins, 1987)
36	Batticaloa:"said to be common"			(Osman Hill, 1933)
	In Osman Hill, 1953, the whole area is regarded as free of lorises. Meier, Nieschalk, unpublished: no lorises found during an unsystematic search in 1979)
37	Monaragala ("common"), possibly L. t. nordicus		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Meier, Nieschalk, unpublished: no lorises found during an unsystematic search in 1979)
38	Wellassa district		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
39	Tamankaduwa district		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
40	Bintenne district		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
41	Balangoda (see also no. 33)	533 m	Prior to 1924	(Phillips, 1924)
42	Galle		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
66	Kanneliya rain forest, north east part of Galle District / Udugama-Hiniduma area (about 6000 ha).		2002	(Wasantha Liyange, pers. comm. to Anna Nekaris, 2002)
	Population discovered, not yet studied
60	(Wellawaya and surrounding forest patches, Uwa Province, Monaragala District: no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Southeastern dry zone; monsoon forest and grassland. On 2 transects (total length 31.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected. Local villagers near Wellawaya, however, said they had seen Loris in and around this town.
61	(Wadinahela Tank and surrounding forest, Uwa Province, Monaragala District: no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Southeastern dry zone; monsoon forest and grassland. On 2 transects (total length 22.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
62	(Yala (Ruhuna) National Park, Southern Province, Monaragala District (103882.9 ha): no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Southeastern Dry Zone; monsoon scrub jungle. On 2 transects (total length 115.4 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected. Loris is reported to be found in Yala National Park, and presence of Loris was found in Yala guide books and reported by several forest rangers. But during the survey in 2001, all persons asked reported seeing no lorises there for the last two years. People also said that they only occur on the Kataragama side).
63	(Bundala Sanctuary, Southern Province, Monaragala District (6216.0 ha): no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Southeastern Dry Zone; monsoon scrub jungle. On 2 transects (total length 47.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
64	(Kataragama Town and forest patches, Uva Province, Monaragala District (837.7 ha): no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Southeastern Dry Zone; monsoon scrub jungle. On 2 transects (total length 86 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected
65	(Nimalawa Sanctuary, Southern Province, Monaragala District: no lorises found)		2001: no lorises found	Nekaris, Jayewardene, in press (2001/2002)
	Southeastern Dry Zone; monsoon scrub jungleOn 2 transects (total length 36.5 km), no animals (or eyeshine, calls) were detected

India

Osman Hill, 1933, 1953: slender lorises probably occurring at the west coast north up to theTapti river; east coast: "distribution ...... possibly nearly ...... the same as that of ..... Macaca radiata, i.e. covering the whole of South India as far north as the Godavari river" (Osman Hill, 1933).

L. l. lydekkerianus: General distribution: south and east India. Precise range to north unknown (Osman Hill, 1953). "It is not known whether it reaches the east coast or not" (Osman Hill, 1933). Range ending at the southern and western slopes of Sirumalai (Singh et al., 1999). Regarded as a dry zone form (Osman Hill, 1933), but, according to Devaraj Sarkar (1981), also occurring in moist evergreen forest. Specimens have been found occurring at altitudes of 2000 und 3000 ft = 610, 910 m (Shortridge; Elliott, 1913; quoted by Osman Hill, 1933) and 4700 ft = 1430 m (Kinloch 1898, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933).


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
Type locality: Madras (Osman Hill, 1933)			Prior to1933?,	(Osman Hill, 1933),
			1962	(Seth, 1963)
	Osman Hill (1933) mentioned that the type specimen might have been not from Madras, but brought there for sale because no lorises have been recorded from there "in recent times". But in 1962, several L. t. lydekkerianus were caught in the vicinity of Madras (Seth, 1963).
	Coromandel region of south India		Prior to 1935	(Osman Hill, 1933, 1953)
	Eastern Ghats (precise range to north unknown:		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
	Chettiri range (Chittiri hills), Salem district, Eastern Ghats, 11⁰ 50^I N 78⁰ 29^I E,	610 m	1912, 1929	(Jenkins, 1987)
	Western Ghats		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
	In Karnataka state the distribution of Loris seems to be limited		1996	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, pers. comm.)
2a	Mysore, Mysore plateau and attendant ranges:			(Osman Hill, 1953)
2b	"Mysore": said to be common"		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
3a	Kolar town, East Mysore, 13⁰ 08^I N 78⁰ 08^I E,	849-1227 m		(Jenkins, 1987)
3b	Kolar district: "evident abundance"		(1913)	(Ryley, 1913)
	(Shortridge, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933: Loris "said to be very common" in the Kolar district)
3c	Kolar district		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
4	Malur, Kolar District, Mysore, 13⁰ 20^I N 78⁰ 10^IE		1912	(Osman Hill, 1933; Jenkins, 1987)
5	Nandedroog, (Nandidrug,	910 m		(Osman Hill, 1933, Jenkins, 1987)
	Nundidroog), N.-W. Kolar District, East Mysore13⁰ 22^I N 77⁰ 42^I E
6 - 8	Area close to L. t. malabaricus distribution area, the habitat may partly be suitable for L. t. malabaricus; see also below, under subspecies, not clearly determined.
6	Nilgiris: "said to be common"		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933)
7	Bidigiriranjans (in the Nilgiris)		Prior to 1933	(Osman Hill, 1933, 1953)
8	Kotagiri (in the Nilgiris)	1430 m	Prior to 1898	(Kinloch, 1898, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
9	Bangalore, 12⁰ 59^I N 77⁰ 35^I E	950 m	1919 1959-(1965), (1980), (1984)	(Osman Hill, 1933; Ramaswami, Anand Kumar, 1962; Swayam-prabha + Kadam, 1980; Sarma + Kadam, 1984, Manjula, 1984)
	(apparently abundant; numerous animals caught and killed for research in the past 30 years). Devaraj Sarkar (1981): L. t. lydekkerianus occurring in the Bangalore district.. Jenkins (1987): L. t. lydekkerianus? Subspecies of specimen in question.
10	Tumkur District		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
27	Eastern part of Dindigul District: Ayyalur, Sirumalai, Nattam and Alagar Hills forest ranges, Ayyalur Interface Forestry Division. Area roughly between 10⁰ 04^I - 10⁰ 40^I N and 77⁰ 54^I - 78⁰ 17^I E	Search in 250-1300 m; most sightings at 300-500 m, only one above 1000 m	(1996)	(K. A. I. Nekaris, pers. comm.; Nekaris 2000; Singh et al., 1999)
	Loris field study and surveys (Nekaris, 2000; Singh et al. 1999; Radhakrishna 2000). In the Dindigul forests lorises in highest densities in Carnatic Umbrella Thorn and open Euphorbia scrub forests (32 km covered; 3.6 animals per km) and in crop lands near the forests (40 km covered; 2.8 animals per km). Lower densities in crop land away from forests (159 km covered; 0.4 animals per km) and in Southern Mixed Deciduous Forest (28 km covered; 0.6 animals per km). No animals found in dense thorn forest in spite of fairly good vision from hill slopes (21 km covered). Average density (280 km monitored, 313 sightings): 1.1 animals per km. Evaluation of prospects for establishing a slender loris sanctuary (Singh et al., 1999)
Locations 29-35:		Search in 500-1100 m
	Southern Andhra Pradesh, area roughly between 78⁰ - 80⁰ N and 12⁰ 05^I - 14⁰ 05^I E. During surveys by Singh et al. (2000), lorises were found on reserved forest, wildlife sanctuaries and national park area; a total of 98 animals were found on 734 km covered (average density observed: 0.13 animals per km covered)
29	Near Tirupati / Renigunta ("numerous lorises")		(1996)	(K. A. I. Nekaris, pers. comm.)
29	Tirupati; Chamala; Balapalli (Tirupati Division); Bakrapet, Division: Chittor (East)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
30	Sri Kalahasti; Puttur; K. Nagaram, Division: Chittor (East)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
31	Sathivedu Division: Chittor (East)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
32	Chitvel; Kodur, Division: Rajampet; Venkatagiri; Rapur, Division: Nellore		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
33	Punganur; Madnapalli, Division: Chittor (West)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
34	Palamaneru, Division: Chittor (West)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
35	Kuppam, Division: Chittor (West)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
36	Udayagiri, Division: Nellore		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
(37)	Vempalli; Siddavatam; Cuddapah; Raichoti; Vontimittam, Division: Cuddapah: no lorises found (189 km covered)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
(38)	Atmakur, Division: Nellore: no lorises found (49 km covered)		(Prior to 2000)	(Singh et al., 2000)
40	Sriharikota Island, coastal region of southern Andhra Pradesh, 13⁰ 45^I N 80⁰ 20^I E		(1993)	(Rao 1994, literature contributed by A. Nekaris)
	Dark grey to earty brown loris found sleeping in dense Securinega leucopus and Ziziphus mauritiana bushes, 1.5 - 2 m above ground. In addition, loris sighting at the forest nursery at Keepakamin the western region of the island reported. Very few other records of lorises occurring in this area.
42	Sevapur, Karur District, Tamil Nadu		(1996; 2001/2002 )	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, pers. comm.)
	Several loris sightings during the course of one night walk (survey). Alexander Amirtham, who works at Inba Seva Sangam (a medicinal herb garden and ashram in Sevapur), still saw lorises here in 2001/2002.
Location not clear or not found on the map:
	(Malur, Kolar District, East Mysore, 13⁰ 44^I N 75⁰ 20^I E ?) Coordinates wrong? Not within Kolar District.		1912	(Jenkins, 1987)

L. l. malabaricus: General distribution: Wet coastal tract (Malabar tract) of west India, including western Ghats and Wynaad plateau (Osman Hill, 1953). Eastern limits of distribution unknown (Osman Hill, 1933); range beginning somewhere in the relatively wet forests of the Western Ghats (Singh et al., 1999). (L. l. malabaricus is regarded as a wet zone form (Osman Hill, 1953), but, according to Devaraj Sarkar (1981), also occurs in other types of forest). According to Osman Hill (1933), in the distribution area of L. l. malabaricus specimens have been found at considerable altitudes: 2000, 3000 ft in South Coorg (museum specimens labelled L. malabaricus or L. t. gracilis) whereas the red slender loris L. tardigradus of Sri Lanka seems to be confined to the lowland.


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
Type locality: Kutta, South Coorg			1913	(Shortridge, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
11	Coorg (especially south Coorg)			(Wroughton, 1917)
12	Mercara		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
13	Virajpet (Virarajendrapet), 12⁰ 12^I N 75⁰ 48^I E,	610, 910 m	1913	(Shortridge, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
14	Huvinakadu Estate, Kutta, 12⁰ 01^I N 75⁰ 58^I E	867 m	1913	(Shortridge, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
15 a	Wynaad, Wynaad-Plateau (South Coorg) (= Wayanad district, Kerala)		1903	(Shortridge, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
15 b	Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala		1996: no lorises found	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, pers. comm.)
16	South Canara		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
17	North Kanara ?			(Ryley, 1913)
	"The Loris is said to be rare as far as North Kanara" (Osman Hill, 1933, mentioned in the description of L. t. malabaricus; from Shortridge´s notes in Ryley, 1913)
18a	Trevandrum, Travancore State, 08⁰ 29^I N 76⁰ 55^I E		1889	(Jenkins, 1987)
18b	Travancore: "Specimens from here are referrable to this race"		Prior to 1918	(Wroughton, 1918, quoted by Osman Hill, 1933)
	(Travancore: former British-Indian state with the capital Trevandrum, now southern Kerala)

? India; no reliable information about subspecies:


No.	Origin	Altitude	Date	(Source)
19	Bombay, Sassoon 14 dock, 18⁰ 58^I N 72⁰ 50^I E?		1914	(Jenkins, 1987)
	(Museum specimen labelled "L. t. lydekkerianus"; correct?) (Wroughton´s "Bombay collection" of three L. t. malabaricus (skins and skulls only), used for the description of the subspecies by Osman Hill (1933), includes specimens from other localities; Osman Hill does not mention Bombay as a locality where L. t. malabaricus has been found).
20	Mangalore, 12⁰ 52^I N 74⁰ 53^I E		Prior to 1849	(Jenkins, 1987)
	"The record of L. t. lydekkerianus from Mangalore is apparently based on a poorly preserved specimen .... the subspecific identification of which can no longer be established"
21	West coast near Ratnagiri given as a "possible locality" for Loris			(Blanford 1888)
	(Osman Hill, 1933: Location mentioned in connection with L. t. lydekkerianus)
22	Bandipur National Park: "thickly distributed"		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
22 b	Bandipur National Park, Karnataka		1996: no lorises found	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, pers. comm.)
	During a survey in 1996 no lorises were heard, but local wildlife officials confirmed their presence, reporting that they regularly heard their whistles
23	Nagarhole National Park: "thickly distributed"		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
	Region around Nagarhole, between Wynaad-Plateau (15) and the Nilgiris (6): subspecies? Distribution area of L. t. lydekkerianus very close to that of L. t. malabaricus in this region
23 b	Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka		1996: no lorises found	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, pers. comm.)
	During a survey in 1996 no lorises were heard, but local wildlife officials confirmed their presence, reporting that they regularly heard their whistles. A limited survey in the Brahmagiri Hill (Nagarhole) also yielded no sign of lorises.
6 - 8 b	Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu		1996	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, pers. comm.)
	During a survey in 1996 only one loris was seen at Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, but local wildlife officials confirmed their presence, reporting that they regularly heard their whistle
24	Mundanthurai wildlife sanctuary, 8° 25' - 8° 53' N; 77° 10' - 77° 35' E,		(1984, 1995, 1998)	(Johnson, 1984; Kar Gupta, 1995; Kar Gupta, in preparation)
	Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu (single individuals, "at certain points" (Johnson, 1984) Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Thalayani, Mundanthurai Plateau (field study areas of Kaberi Kar Gupta): 70 sightings on 86.4 km in dry deciduous forest with highest abundance in natural mixed forest (Kar Gupta 1995; Kar Gupta, in preparation).
Location not clear or not found on the map:
25	Thittimati (= forest reserve, Mysore Plateau): "thickly distributed"		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
26	Anekadu (= forest reserve, Mysore Plateau): "thickly distributed"		(1981)	(Devaraj Sarkar, 1981)
28, 39	Regions around Anaimalai Hills and Palani Hills:		No sightings known	(M. Singh, 2000, pers. comm.; K. A. I. Nekaris, 2000, pers. comm.)
	Distribution area of L. t. lydekkerianus may meet that of L. t. malabaricus in this region.
28	Anaimalai Wildlife Reserve, also called Indira Ghandi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu		(1996)	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, 2001: pers. comm.)
	During a survey in 1996 only one loris was seen here in four nights of observation, maybe because of extremely dense rain forest
(39)	Palani Hills: no data available (no lorises found during a visit).			(K. A. I. Nekaris, 2000, pers. comm.)
41	Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala		1996: no lorises found	(Nekaris 1997; Nekaris, 2001: pers. comm.)
	During a survey in 1996 no lorises were heard in this park, but local wildlife officials confirmed their presence

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